Seeking to explore power as crucial factor in the design of the built environment, we will look at energy systems and related objects, from sites of generation to spaces of consumption, from distribution networks to control rooms.
Tutors: Filip Geerts and Sanne van den Breemer
Director of Studies: Salomon Frausto
Contributors: Santiago Ardila, Juan Benavides, Daniella Camarena, Stef Dingen, Marco Fusco, Jack Garay Arauzo, Theodora Gelali, Shaiwanti Gupta, Hao Hsu, Marianthi Papangelopoulou, Felipe Quintero, Gent Shehu, Siyuan Wang
@theberlage.nl
Oil Peak
Failure of a system, Fuel, Resources, Global, Transportation, Economy, Governance, Diagram
The insecurities relating to oil shortage has been determinant in formulating government policies and has been a major cause of political unrest among countries. Peak-oil refers to a hypothetical point where the global crude oil production will reach its maximum rate and then start to decline following the bell curve. This predictive graph indicates the natural reserve available on earth.
Oil and fuel became major consumption for domestic fuel and warfare in the 19thcentury. In 1919 the U.S. estimated to run out of its reserve in a decade’s time which followed its comprehension of active oil diplomacy and attempts to control other oil markets. During World War II Japan heavily relied on its U.S. imports. It started hoarding oil for its Indo-China combat when the U.S imposed Oil-embargo.1 This led to the Pearl Harbour retaliation by Japan.
France and Japan lie on similar grounds as both do not have domestic oil reserves and are heavily dependent on their imports. France imports about 64% of its oil consumption. It mainly imports crude from Kazakhstan, Russia, Iran and Saudi Arabia. It has resolved to other means of power generation to reduce this dependency. However, fossil fuel still is an important element for running the system.
Japan oil policy remains more diplomatically strategic. It sees diversification in two ways. Diversity into fuel as such. Like moving towards LNG, LPG and hydrogen. Secondly, Diversity in dealing with nations. Since Arab Oil Embargo 1970, Japan has resolved to diversify the pool of supply countries. The Middle East plays an important exporter to Japan with the South China Sea as a prominent route which puts a pressure on its ties with the surrounding countries. To strengthen its assets, Japan is trying to renegotiate its additional imports from Russia and has recovered U.S. imports.2
Oil dependence thus influences and leads to geopolitical competition. Oil, especially in terms of fuel has seen three stages of evolution. The primitive, basic nature of one being used as a commodity, second - the age of geo-political competition that came into realization with its exhaustive value and irreverent dependency. And third - the present era of deregulation and diversification as both political and environmental easing.
1. Council on foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/timeline/oil-dependence-and-us-foreign-policy
2. Conversation Jane Nakano and Mina Pollmann, The Diplomat, https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/japan-how-energy-security-shapes-foreign-policy/
Visit ephemera: 02, 03, & 27
Failure of a system, Fuel, Resources, Global, Transportation, Economy, Governance, Diagram
The insecurities relating to oil shortage has been determinant in formulating government policies and has been a major cause of political unrest among countries. Peak-oil refers to a hypothetical point where the global crude oil production will reach its maximum rate and then start to decline following the bell curve. This predictive graph indicates the natural reserve available on earth.
Oil and fuel became major consumption for domestic fuel and warfare in the 19thcentury. In 1919 the U.S. estimated to run out of its reserve in a decade’s time which followed its comprehension of active oil diplomacy and attempts to control other oil markets. During World War II Japan heavily relied on its U.S. imports. It started hoarding oil for its Indo-China combat when the U.S imposed Oil-embargo.1 This led to the Pearl Harbour retaliation by Japan.
France and Japan lie on similar grounds as both do not have domestic oil reserves and are heavily dependent on their imports. France imports about 64% of its oil consumption. It mainly imports crude from Kazakhstan, Russia, Iran and Saudi Arabia. It has resolved to other means of power generation to reduce this dependency. However, fossil fuel still is an important element for running the system.
Japan oil policy remains more diplomatically strategic. It sees diversification in two ways. Diversity into fuel as such. Like moving towards LNG, LPG and hydrogen. Secondly, Diversity in dealing with nations. Since Arab Oil Embargo 1970, Japan has resolved to diversify the pool of supply countries. The Middle East plays an important exporter to Japan with the South China Sea as a prominent route which puts a pressure on its ties with the surrounding countries. To strengthen its assets, Japan is trying to renegotiate its additional imports from Russia and has recovered U.S. imports.2
Oil dependence thus influences and leads to geopolitical competition. Oil, especially in terms of fuel has seen three stages of evolution. The primitive, basic nature of one being used as a commodity, second - the age of geo-political competition that came into realization with its exhaustive value and irreverent dependency. And third - the present era of deregulation and diversification as both political and environmental easing.
1. Council on foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/timeline/oil-dependence-and-us-foreign-policy
2. Conversation Jane Nakano and Mina Pollmann, The Diplomat, https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/japan-how-energy-security-shapes-foreign-policy/
Visit ephemera: 02, 03, & 27